In South Africa alone, about 10 to 12 snakebite fatalities are reported annually. Attempting to suck the venom out can cause additional trauma to the wound. Picture: Supplied
Snakebites may be rare, but they’re severe and quick. Accurate actions can make all the difference. Unfortunately, several myths about snakebite treatment cause people to act on misinformation, potentially making things worse.
“Snakebites are a major yet overlooked issue,” said Murray Hewlett, the CEO of Affinity Health.
“The World Health Organization has labelled snakebites a neglected tropical disease and is working to reduce snakebite deaths by 50% by 2030.”
In South Africa alone, about 10 to 12 snakebite fatalities are reported annually, according to Affinity Health that provides health coverage.
Myth 1: Sucking out the venom helps
Reality: Many people think that venom in the body can be removed with the mouth or a suction device. This is wrong and can cause more damage. The venom spreads quickly through the lymphatic system and bloodstream, making it nearly impossible to extract. Attempting to suck the venom out can cause additional trauma to the wound, increase infection risk, and may expose the helper to venomous residues. The best approach is to avoid any attempt to remove venom by mouth or suction and instead focus on calming the patient and seeking medical help.
Myth 2: Applying a tourniquet stops venom spread
Reality: Tourniquets are often believed to stop the venom from spreading by blocking blood flow to the bitten limb, but if they are too tight for too long, they can cause serious complications, including tissue damage or even limb loss. Instead, a pressure immobilisation bandage is recommended for snakebites. It applies firm, even pressure without cutting off circulation, helping to slow venom spread and providing critical time to seek medical help.
Myth 3: Cutting the bite to drain venom
Reality: Some believe that cutting the area around a snakebite and attempting to “drain” the venom will prevent it from entering the bloodstream. This approach can lead to severe infection and increase the trauma at the bite site without helping to remove the venom. The best action is to keep the bite wound as it is. Cutting a wound raises the risk of infection by allowing in more bacteria and does not aid in removing venom.
Myth 4: Applying ice or heat to the bite
Reality: Many people apply ice to bites or stings, which is ineffective for snakebites and can even cause frostbite. Applying heat can also be risky, as it can increase tissue damage without neutralising venom. The best approach is to keep the bite area at or slightly below heart level to help limit venom spread and swelling. Avoid extremes in temperature and seek medical attention promptly.
Myth 5: Snakes travel in pairs
Reality: There is a belief that if you see one snake, there must be another nearby. However, snakes are typically solitary and do not travel in pairs or groups. If you encounter a snake, it is most likely alone. This myth may stem from certain snake species having territories where they frequently appear, but each encounter is typically with a single snake. Staying vigilant and cautious in snake-prone areas is wise, but fearing additional snakes due to this myth is unnecessary.
Myth 6: Venomous bites are always painful
Reality: Not all venomous bites cause immediate pain. Some snakebites, such as those from the boomslang, cause delayed symptoms that can take hours to appear. In such cases, the individual may assume they are fine, which delays medical care and can lead to severe outcomes if venom effects progress. Anyone bitten by a snake should seek medical attention regardless of pain level or symptoms. It is important not to rely on pain as a sign of severity, as delayed symptoms can still have profound effects.
What Works in a medical emergency
Stay calm: The first and most crucial step is to remain calm. Panic increases heart rate, speeding up the spread of venom in the bloodstream. Encourage the bite victim to stay as calm as possible to help control their heart rate and respiration.
Immobilise the limb: Keeping the affected limb as still as possible slows the spread of venom. Ideally, the limb should be at or slightly below heart level. Avoid excessive movement, which can exacerbate venom spread.
Use a pressure immobilisation bandage: If you have a first aid kit, apply a firm bandage over the bitten limb, starting from the bite site and wrapping upward. Be careful not to cut off circulation – the goal is to apply pressure, not to restrict blood flow.
Keep the victim hydrated and comfortable: Avoid caffeine and alcohol, and keep the person hydrated and calm. Offer water to prevent dehydration, but do not give any medications without consulting a medical professional, as some substances can interact with the venom.
Avoid food and drink: Although hydration is important, solid food should generally be avoided until after receiving medical care. Ingesting food could increase digestion rates and influence venom metabolism. Additionally, avoid giving the person alcohol or caffeine, as these can accelerate venom circulation.
Seek immediate medical assistance: Get to a hospital as quickly as possible. Medical professionals can assess the severity of the bite and administer antivenom if needed. Antivenom treatment can be life-saving, but it must be given by qualified medical personnel in a hospital setting.
Preventing snake bites
Stay alert in snake habitats: When hiking or camping, wear closed shoes, avoid thick grass, and stay on clear paths.
Use a flashlight at night: Snakebites sometimes occur at night when visibility is low. Use a flashlight to scan the ground and watch for snakes.
Avoid handling snakes: Even small or seemingly harmless snakes can be venomous. Avoid picking up or interacting with snakes, which can provoke a defensive bite.
Related Topics: